Outer Space Matty's Galaxy

 Telescope is an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects, or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation.   The first person to apply for a patent for a telescope was Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey (or Lipperhey). In 1608, Lippershey laid claim to a device that could magnify objects three times. His telescope had a concave eyepiece aligned with a convex objective lens.   Primary mirror (for reflecting telescopes), which carries the same role as the primary lens in a refracting telescopes. Eyepiece, which magnifies the image. Mounting, which supports the tube, enabling it to be rotated.   Types of Telescope. There are three main types of telescope. These are refracting telescopes, Newtonian telescopes and Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes.   The Arecibo radio telescope still represents the largest single-aperture telescope ever constructed, with it

 Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies.   Seismologists also apply what they learn from studying the Earth's structure and other geological events, such as tsunamis, for commercial and other purposes, such as detecting nuclear explosions.   There are three basic types of seismic waves – P-waves, S-waves and surface waves. P-waves and S-waves are sometimes collectively called body waves.   John Milne father of Modern Seismology.   Charles F. Richter, American physicist and seismologist who developed the Richter scale for measuring earthquake magnitude. Born on an Ohio farm, Richter moved with his mother to Los Angeles in 1916.   DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. ... Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, such as lighting fixtures or furniture

 Scientist is a person who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest. In classical antiquity, there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engaged in the philosophical study of nature called natural philosophy, a precursor of natural science.   Notable scientists Nikola Tesla (1856-1943 AD) Albert Einstein (1879-1955 AD) Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727 AD) Louis Pasteur (1822-1895 AD) Marie Curie Sklodowska (1867-1934 AD) Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931 AD)  Aristotle (382BC-322BC)   Few individuals have had as profound an impact on science as Galileo, whose groundbreaking inventions and discoveries earned him the title 'the father of science'. Galileo was an experimentalist who for the first time had the insight and talent to link theory with experiment.

 Science Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE.   Physical science       Physics.     Chemistry.     Earth science.     Space Science or Astronomy.     Biochemistry.     Microbiology.     Botany.     Zoology.   Psychology is a science because it follows the empirical method. An empirical method involves the use of objective, quantitative observation in a systematically controlled, replicable situation, in order to test or refine a theory.  

 Scale an instrument or machine for weighing. 2a : a beam that is supported freely in the center and has two pans of equal weight suspended from its ends   oun Zoology.       one of the thin, flat, horny plates forming the covering of certain animals, as snakes, lizards, and pangolins.     one of the hard, bony or dentinal plates, either flat or denticulate, forming the covering of certain other animals, as fishes.   any thin, platelike piece, lamina, or flake that peels off from a surface, as from the skin.   a sequence of marks either at regular intervals or else representing equal steps, used as a reference in making measurements. a measuring instrument having such a scale. the ratio between the size of something real and that of a model or representation of it.

 Retort In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated.   Retorts sterilize food after it is sealed in a container by steam or other heating methods. Typically, the sterilization temperatures vary from 230°F/110°C to 275°F/135°C. ... Newer agitation retort processes have reduced cook times, resulting in energy savings and less degradation of the food quality.   The steam-air retort uses a mixture of steam and air, which is added to create an over-pressure in the retort. The air over-pressure allows thermal processing of a wide variety of containers including: glass, metal cans, rigid plastic, and flexible pouches.   It also means like to counter in other references.

 Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field.   exploratory, descriptive and causal.   Research is essential to find out which treatments work better for patients Research can find answers to things that are unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and changing the way that healthcare professionals work.   Information gathering and/or. Exploratory: e.g., discovering, uncovering, exploring. Descriptive: e.g., gathering info, describing, summarizing. Theory testing. Explanatory: e.g., testing and understanding causal relations   Develop a topic. Select a Topic, Develop Research Questions, Identify Keywords, Find Background Information, Refine a Topic. Locate information. Evaluate and analyze information. Write, organize, and communicate information. Cite sourc

 Radiology is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases within the bodies of animals, including humans.   Radiologists are medical doctors that specialize in diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases using medical imaging (radiology) procedures (exams/tests) such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET) and ultrasound.   a radiologist completes about 13 years of training after high school. In addition to this training, there are two exams to successfully take to become certified by the American Board of Radiology. Some subspecialties of radiology must be chosen during the residency period.   Becoming a radiologist can be a very rewarding career. A day in the life of a radiologist may include all of the tasks above, which could be specialized into a specific area of radiology. If you're considering entering this career field, it may be a good idea to understan

 Quantum_mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.   science dealing with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. It attempts to describe and account for the properties of molecules and atoms and their constituents—electrons, protons, neutrons, and other more esoteric particles such as quarks and gluons.   counter-intuitive phenomenon predicted by quantum mechanics is quantum tunnelling: a particle that goes up against a potential barrier can cross it, even if its kinetic energy is smaller than the maximum of the potential.[7] In classical mechanics this particle would be trapped. Quantum tunnelling has several important consequences, enabling radioactive decay, nuclear fusion in stars, and applicat

 Pipette is a laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser.   works by creating a vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid. Pipettes that dispense between 1 and 1000 Pipette and pipet describe completely different liquid handling devices—for example, pipette is used for the device that you use pipette tips with, whereas a pipet describes the glass (or plastic) tubes used for serology (serological pipet) and chemistry (volumetric pipet).are termed micropipettes, while macropipettes dispense a greater volume of liquid.

 Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves.   Branches Mechanics. Motion and its causes. Thermodynamics. Vibrations and Waves Phenomena. Optics. Electromagnetism. Relativity. Quantum Mechanics.   Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa. Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science".   the first physicist. Isaac Newton is popularly remembered as the man who saw an apple fall from a tree, and was inspired to invent the theory of gravity. If you have grappled with elementary physics then you know that he

 Physical_science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.   Astronomy & Astrophysics Chemistry Crystallography Earth Sciences Mathematics & Statistics Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences Nanotechnology Physics Polymer Science Physical Sciences   Physical sciences are those academic disciplines that aim to uncover the underlying laws of nature - often written in the language of mathematics. It is a collective term for areas of study including astronomy, chemistry, materials science and physics.   An introductory course designed to allow students to explore the basic concepts of physical science. An introduction to the fundamental concepts of physics, chemistry, astronomy and earth science. Students will be encouraged to explore the relationship between science and everyday life.   “Physical Science” refers to the hard sciences ( Medicine, Biology, Astronomy, Geology, The Engineering Fields, etc ) and any other activity that

 Phase  is a distinct and homogeneous state of a system with no visible boundary separating it into parts. Water, H2O, is such a common substance that its gas (steam), liquid (water), and solid (ice) phases are widely known.   in thermodynamics, chemically and physically uniform or homogeneous quantity of matter that can be separated mechanically from a nonhomogeneous mixture and that may consist of a single substance or a mixture of substances.   Distinct phases may be described as different states of matter such as gas, liquid, solid, plasma or Bose–Einstein condensate. Useful mesophases between solid and liquid form other states of matter.

 Petri_dish is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured, originally, cells of bacteria, fungi and small mosses. The container is named after its inventor, German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri. It is the most common type of culture plate.   Place the Petri dishes in a warm, dark place.   If necessary, you can place the Petri dishes in a cooler location, but the bacteria will grow a lot more slowly. Leave the bacteria to develop for 4-6 days, as this will give the cultures enough time to grow. Most bacteria collected in your environment will not be harmful. However, once they multiply into millions of colonies in a Petri dish they become more of a hazard. Be sure to protect open cuts with rubber gloves and never ingest or breathe in growing bacteria.   Procedure for making Petri dishes. Measure the recommended amount of agar and distilled water in to a clean, sterile flask or beaker. Using heat resistant hand protect

 Particle a particle is a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties such as volume, density or mass.   Atoms consist of a nucleus made of protons and neutrons orbited by electrons. ... We now know that atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. which are composed of even smaller particles, such as quarks.   Elementary particles   Fermions, Bosons, Hypothetical particles, Hadrons, Atomic nuclei, Atoms, Molecules.   All matter is made of particles; these can be single atoms or atoms chemically joined to make molecules. ... We call the particle formed when more than one atom is chemically joined a molecule. If the atoms are the same, then it is a molecule of an element. If the atoms are different, then it is a molecule of a compound.

 Paleontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch. It includes the study of fossils to classify organisms and study interactions with each other and their environments.   Paleontology is a science located between biology and geology. It is different from archaeology because it does not study the bones of modern humans. Paleontology uses a wide variety of tools from many different sciences, including biochemistry, engineering, and mathematics.   It's a tough discipline to work in, there aren't a lot of jobs available and there are still societal pressures that discourage many people from pursuing this science. But if you truly got the love you can make it as a career, or as a well-loved hobby if that's your preference.   Bones, shells, feathers, and leaves can all become fossils. Fossils can be very large or very small.   Geoscientists, including paleontologists, had an average annual salary of $106,

 Ornithology  is a branch of zoology that concerns the "methodological study and consequent knowledge of birds with all that relates to them". Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds.   The Bachelor's degree should take between 4-5 years, the Master's 2-3 years, and the PhD another 3-5 years (a Master's is not necessary for a PhD, however). The PhD requires more graduate level coursework and another thesis research project, along with oral and written examinations.   The three main types of ornithology study are collection, field-based research, and laboratory-based research.   From ancient times on, owls have been linked with death, evil, and other superstitions. Many cultures saw owls as a sign of impending death. For example, an owl was said to have predicted the death of Julius Caesar. They've also been associated with witches and other so-called evil beings.   The

 Organism is any individual entity that embodies the properties of life. It is a synonym for "life form". Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and fungi; or unicellular microorganisms such as protists, bacteria, and archaea.   Microorganisms are divided into seven types. Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and multicellular animal parasites ( helminths ). Each type has a characteristic cellular composition, morphology, mean of locomotion, and reproduction.   Viruses are microscopic parasites responsible for a host of familiar – and often fatal – diseases, including the flu, Ebola, measles and HIV. They are made up of DNA or RNA encapsulated in a protein shell and can only survive and replicate inside a living host, which could be any organism on earth.

 Observe is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments.   synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for observe, like: look-at, watch, examine, inspect, recognize, discern, note, witness, follow, obey and noticeable.   There are four types of observational research you can do, ranging from detached observation with no participation on your part (complete observer) to immersing yourself completely in the environment (complete participant).   Testing Method. Case Study Method. Cross-Sectional Method. Naturalistic-Observation Method. Laboraotry Method. Longitudinal Method.   Scientists observe in many ways – with their own senses or with tools such as microscopes, scanners or transmitters to extend their vision or hearing. These tools allow for more precise and accurate observations. Scien

 Observatory a building or place given over to or equipped for observation of natural phenomena (as in astronomy) also : an institution whose primary purpose is making such observations.   An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geophysical, oceanography and volcanology   The first notable premodern European observatory was that at Uraniborg on the island of Hven, built by King Frederick II of Denmark for Tycho Brahe in 1576 ce. The first optical telescope used to study the heavens was constructed in 1609 by Galileo Galilei, using information from Flemish pioneers in lens-making.   A planetarium is a 'sky theater' where special projectors create a simulation of the night sky on a dome ceiling. An observatory is a place where telescopes are used to view the actual night sky, so the dome of an observatory does open, unlike the one in a planetarium.   Galileo didn't invent the telescope—Dutch

 Motion is the phenomenon in which an object changes its position over time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, speed, and time.   The third law of motion states that if a body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the first force. So for every action force there is always a reaction force.   Newton's second law, which states that the force F acting on a body is equal to the mass m of the body multiplied by the acceleration a of its centre of mass, F = ma, is the basic equation of motion in classical mechanics.   there are four basic types of motion. These four are rotary, oscillating, linear and reciprocating.   Movement is a vital nutrient to your body, just as much as food, water or oxygen. It feeds the brain, producing essential nutrient stimulation (called proprioception).   Motion exist because there is an unbalance force acting on an o

 Molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge.   The difference between the number of electrons and protons in an atom determines how strong the charge is, and what that atom can bond with. Atoms with a positive charge will be attracted to negatively charged atoms to form a molecule. This bonding between atoms is the key to how molecules interact with each other.   Oxygen is a non-metal element and is found naturally as a molecule. Each molecule is made up of two oxygen atoms that are strongly joined together.   In 1995 biologists smashed records by cloning the DNA for the largest protein molecule known. The aptly named titin weighs in at a molecular weight of 3 million and consists of a continuous chain of 27,000 amino acids, making it 20 to 50 times larger than the average-size protein.   In summary, for a typical human of 70 kg, there are almost 7*1027 atoms (t

 Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.   Silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, carbonates, native elements, and halides are all major mineral groups.   Becoming a mineralogist requires at a minimum a college degree and often postgraduate work. Since most mineralogists work in research or teaching a PhD is the commonest degree that is required. To prepare for this you need to take a college preparatory track in high school.   Georg Agricola a name for German scientist Georg Agricola.   A career in geology is well compensated, with a variety of different career paths and job titles. The main types of careers for geologists are in academia, working for the government (USGS), environmental consulting, oil and gas industry, or mining industry.

 Microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscopic. Microscopic means being invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.   There are several different types of microscopes used in light microscopy, and the four most popular types are Compound, Stereo, Digital and the Pocket or handheld microscopes.   5 Different Types of Microscopes:       Stereo Microscope.     Compound Microscope.     Inverted Microscope.     Metallurgical Microscope.     Polarizing Microscope.   A general biological microscope mainly consists of an objective lens, ocular lens, lens tube, stage, and reflector. An object placed on the stage is magnified through the objective lens. When the target is focused, a magnified image can be observed through the ocular lens.   At 100x magnification you will be able to see 2mm. At 400x magnification you will be able to see

 Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology and parasitology.   The major groups of microorganisms—namely bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses—are summarized below.   Branches of Microbiology       Bacteriology: the study of bacteria.     Immunology: the study of the immune system.     Mycology: the study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.     Nematology: the study of nematodes     Parasitology: the study of parasites.     Phycology: the study of algae.   It's very detail heavy; requiring you to remember a lot of facts about microscopic organisms, morphologies and modes of action. Without some basic knowledge of biology and chemistry, or the ability to memorize things easily, it's likely you'll struggle.   Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a cloth trader from Del

 Microbiologist is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes. This includes study of the growth, interactions and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites and their vectors.   Becoming a Microbiologist typically takes about four or five years as most Microbiologists enter the field after earning a Bachelor's Degree. If you choose to earn a Master's Degree, it may take an additional two years to become a Microbiologist.   Microbiologists work in hospitals, universities, medical schools, government laboratories, and almost every industry, specializing in a variety of areas, from agriculture to the space industry.     Branches of Microbiology       Bacteriology: the study of bacteria.     Immunology: the study of the immune system.     Mycology: the study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.     Nematology: the study of nematodes (roundworms).     Parasitology: the study of parasites.     Phycology: the

 Meteorology  is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century.   A variety of careers in these fields involve research, forecasting and assessment of the impact of weather in certain regions. Meteorologist. Climatologist. Storm Chaser. Environmental Scientist.    

 Meteorologist are scientists who study and work in the field of meteorology. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists in research while those using mathematical models and knowledge to prepare daily weather forecast are called weather forecasters or operational meteorologists.   At minimum, meteorologists need a Bachelor of Science degree, which typically takes four years to complete. However, many meteorologists choose to pursue Master of Science or even doctoral degrees.   According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job outlook is strong for atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists. Predicted to grow 12 percent from 2016 through 2026 -- faster than the average for all occupations -- meteorology jobs also come with high median salaries of more than $92,000 a year.   Famous Meteorologists     John Dalton.     William Morris Davis.     Gabriel Fahrenheit.     Alfred Wegener.      Christoph Hendrik     William Ferrel.     Wladimir Peter Köppen.     And

 Measure In science, a measurement is a collection of quantitative or numerical data that describes a property of an object or event. A measurement is made by comparing a quantity with a standard unit.   The seven SI base units, which are comprised of:       Length - meter (m)     Time - second (s)     Amount of substance - mole (Mole)     Electric current - ampere (A)     Temperature - kelvin (K)     Luminous intensity - candela (cd)     Mass - kilogram (kg)   In fact, there's a fundamental circularity in the way we measure time. The time that is measured by a clock is itself produced by that clock. The clock's time is independent of the flow of the seasons or the cycle of day and night, and is independent of the clock's location on earth.

 Matter In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.   Matter is everything around you. Atoms and compounds are all made of very small parts of matter. Those atoms go on to build the things you see and touch every day. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space (it has volume).   Everything around us is made of matter. Matter is any thing that is made from atoms and molecules. The seven states of matter that I am investigating are Solids, Liquids, Gases, Ionized Plasma, Quark-Gluon Plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate and Fermionic Condensate.   All matter is made up of atoms, which are in turn made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms come together to form molecules, which are the building blocks for all types of matter, according to Washington State University.   What's hotter than plasma? At temperatures between 7 trillion and 10 trillion degrees Fahrenheit (4 trillion and 6 trillio

 Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration when a net force is applied. An object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies.   in physics, quantitative measure of inertia, a fundamental property of all matter. It is, in effect, the resistance that a body of matter offers to a change in its speed or position upon the application of a force. The greater the mass of a body, the smaller the change produced by an applied force.   The mass is essentially "how much stuff" is in an object but with weight there is a gravitational interaction between objects that have mass.   The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, or the entities associated with it may be changed in form. For example, in chemical reactions, the mass of the chemical components before the reaction is equal to the mass of the components after the reaction.

 Magnetism   is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments. Magnetism is one aspect of the combined phenomenon of electromagnetism.   There are six basic types of magnetization: (1) diamagnetism, (2) paramagnetism, (3) ferromagnetism, (4) antiferromagnetism, (5) ferrimagnetism, and (6) superparamagnetism. Diamagnetism arises from the orbiting electrons surrounding each atomic nucleus.   Magnets don't need gravity or air. Instead, their power comes from the electromagnetic field they generate all by themselves. One class of magnets, called electromagnets, does need electricity to work.   Magnets are surrounded by an invisible magnetic field that is made by the movement of electrons, the subatomic particles that circle the nucleus of an atom. The hyperactivity of these electrons gives magnets their ability to attr

 Lepidoptery is the scientific study of butterflies and moths and a lepidopterist is someone who does this. or, archaically, an aurelian.   Lepidopterology Field of study   Margaret Fountaine (1862–1940) was a lepidopterist during a period of transition and professionalization in natural history. Over her lifespan she collected more than 22 000 butterflies, published extensively and wrote a diary of more than a million words.   Collecting was not, and is not, illegal, as many people seem to think. You can still catch a butterfly, or pick a flower, if the owner of the land will let you. Only certain rare and declining species, such as the high brown fritillary and the swallowtail, are protected by law.   Butterflies don't bite because they can't. Caterpillars munch on leaves and eat voraciously with their chewing mouthparts, and some of them do bite if they feel threatened. But once they become butterflies, they only have a long, curled proboscis, which is like a soft drinking s

 Laws Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. The term law has diverse usage in many cases across all fields of natural science.   In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.       Archimedes' Principle of Buoyancy.     Hooke's Law of Elasticity.     Bernoulli's Law of Fluid Dynamics. (Bernoulli's Principle)     Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures.     Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction.   Law of conservation of mass. Law of conservation of energy. Law of conservation of momentum.   PhD in Physics Graduation and Admission Requirements. Those wishing to complete their PhD in Physics can expect it to take between fou

 Lab is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.   Lab is also used for Laboratory.   A lab is typically a class where you do the "hands on" work of that course. They're often offered for science courses so that students can actually engage with the material they're learning (such as mixing chemicals in chemistry, dissections in biology). They can include doing experiments, writing reports, tests, etc.   A sample of a material to be tested or analyzed that is prepared from a gross sample and retains the latter's composition.

 Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence. If the immune system is not functioning as it should, it can result in disease, such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer.   4 types     Active immunity. Immunity derived from antibodies generated by own body.     Passive immunity. Immunity derived from antibodies from another body, such as given through mother's milk or artificial means (antivenom antibodies). ...     Natural immunity. Antibodies generated due to a normal infection. Includes antibodies provided by mother through their colostrum, the initial breastmilk. Only protects for short time, but when infant is most vulnerable.       Artificial immunity. Antibodies generated by receiving antigen in a vaccine/serum rather than a normal infection. Generally does not last as long as when generate antibodies from a natural infection.   T

 Zoology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.   the animal life of a particular area or time.   Zoologist is an exciting career for a candidate who has studied zoology or equivalent subject. A zoologist is a professional who studies about a variety of animal species, their behaviour, characteristics and evolution.   zoology are prepared to move on to graduate school, professional programs such as medical school or veterinary school or a variety of animal-related entry-level positions. The major requirements are heavy in the life sciences, as well as courses in physics and math.   Where Does a Zoologist Work? Some zoologists work for zoos, wildlife centers, wildlife parks, and aquariums, where they manage the animals' care, their distribution, and their enclosures. They may also help breedi

 Symptomatology   the set of symptoms characteristic of a medical condition or exhibited by a patient.   relates to symptoms and their significance. Physical diagnosis, obviously, relates to the physical examination of the patient, and clinical laboratory diagnosis refers to the examination of the patient utilizing sophisticated clinical equipment usually requiring technical skills.   Asymptomatic means there are no symptoms. You are considered asymptomatic if you: Have recovered from an illness or condition and no longer have symptoms. Have an illness or condition (such as early stage high blood pressure or glaucoma) but do not have symptoms of it.

 Ichthyology the branch of zoology that deals with fishes.   Peter Artedi or Petrus Arctaedius (27 February 1705 – 28 September 1735) was a Swedish naturalist who is known as the "father of ichthyology". Artedi was born in Anundsjö in the province of Ångermanland.   Ichthyology is important because people need fishes for food, and because we still don't know even basic facts, like how many species of fish there are in the world.   Median Annual Salary: $62,290 ($29.95/hour) Top 10% Annual Salary: $99,700 ($47.93/hour) Bottom 10% Annual Salary: $39,620 ($19.05/hour)   Marine biology is the study of marine organisms, their behaviors and interactions with the environment. Marine biologists study biological oceanography and the associated fields of chemical, physical, and geological oceanography to understand marine organisms.

 Hypothesis is a suggested solution for an unexplained occurrence that does not fit into current accepted scientific theory. The basic idea of a hypothesis is that there is no pre-determined outcome.   a proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth. "the hypothesis that every event has a cause"   Alternative Hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis states that there is a relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable has an effect on the other). Null Hypothesis. Nondirectional Hypothesis. Directional Hypothesis.   hypothesis an educated guess about a possible solution to a mystery; a prediction or statement that can be tested       Power of Prediction. One of the valuable attribute of a good hypothesis is to predict for future.     Closest to observable things. A hypothesis must have close contact with observable things.     Simplicity.     Clarity.     Testability.     Relevant to Problem.     Specific.     Relevant to avai

 Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and reptiles. Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology.   Ensil Ross Allen (January 2, 1908 – May 17, 1981) was an American herpetologist and writer who was based in Silver Springs, Florida for 46 years, where he established the Reptile Institute.   To become a herpetologist, you would get a bachelor's degree in a life science, such as biology or zoology. From there, you would want to take courses or gain experience to expand your knowledge of amphibians and reptiles and specialize in this particular area of zoology.   As of Feb 8, 2021, the average annual pay for the Herpetology jobs category in the United States is $51,826 a year. Just in case you need a simple salary calculator, that works out to be approximately $24.92 an hour.   Etymology. The word herpetology is from Greek: ἑρπετόν, herpetón,

 Gravity  an invisible force that pulls objects toward each other. Earth's gravity is what keeps you on the ground and what makes things fall. An animation of gravity at work. Albert Einstein described gravity as a curve in space that wraps around an object—such as a star or a planet.   Law Newton's law of gravitation, statement that any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them.       Gravity is by far the weakest force we know.     Gravity and weight are not the same thing.     Gravity makes waves that move at light speed.     Explaining the microscopic behavior of gravity has thrown researchers for a loop.     Gravity might be carried by massless particles called gravitons.   The movement of every object — from a person to a supermassive black hole — produces gravitational waves. Most everyone in the scientific community believe gravitational waves

 Graduated_cylinder   also known as measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured.   The graduated cylinder was invented by Albert Einstein in the year of 1909, in order to help with measuring the volume of a liquid (Patnaik, 2003).   The graduated cylinder with the most subdivisions between the mL marks is the most precise.   The volumetric flask is used for measuring accurate volumes of liquid materials for laboratory experiments. They are favored when available because they are more accurate than graduated cylinders and beakers

 Glassware Laboratory glassware refers to a variety of equipment used in scientific work, and traditionally made of glass. Glass can be blown, bent, cut, molded, and formed into many sizes and shapes, and is therefore common in chemistry, biology, and analytical laboratories.   Annealed glass is a basic product formed from the annealing stage of the float process Heat Strengthened Glass is semi tempered or semi toughened glass. Tempered or Toughened Glass. Laminated Glass.   One basic procedure is to start with the gentlest methods, scraping off any solids and then using brushes and normal soaps and detergents. If this doesn't get the job done, move on to longer soaks and harsher cleaners. Finally, when the glassware is fully clean, rinse it thoroughly and allow it to dry. soak glassware in water if it's impossible to wash it immediately after use.   Scrub all parts of the glassware thoroughly with laboratory glassware cleaning brushes.   cleaning agents with mild abrasive acti

 Geophysics is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis.   Geophysical data is used to provide information on the physical properties of the Earth's surface and subsurface. As a result, geophysical data can help locate hydrocarbons, minerals, aggregate, and other natural resources.   Geology is the study of rocks and rock formations. especially sedimentary rocks. Geophysics is the study of how rocks refract and reflect sound or seismic energy. 'Earth Quacks"   The demand of skills of geophysicists is expected to experience a rise of 16% between 2014 and 2024. This is over double the average growth across all jobs and industries.   Geophysicists study geology and physics; a bachelor's degree is required in the field, although more and more employers are requesting either a Master's degree, a Ph. D, or three year

 Geology is an Earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon.   Geology is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of. Geology is the study of rocks in the Earth's crust. People who study geology are called geologists.   Traditionally, geology has been divided into two main subdivisions: physical geology and historical geology. Physical geology is the study of the solid Earth and the processes that change the physical landscape of the planet.   synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for geology, like: evolution, earth-science, geoscience, paleontology, sedimentology, geomorphology, mineralogy, geochemistry, geophysics, geological and petrology.   Geochemistry   Geochemistry is the study of the chemical processes which form and shape

 Genetics is the study of heredity.   Genomics is defined as the study of genes and their functions, and related techniques.   Genetics is a discipline of biology. It is the science of heredity. This includes the study of genes, and the inheritance of variation and traits of living organisms.   Genetics is the study of how parents pass some of their characteristics to their children.   the molecular study of genetics including particularly DNA and RNA.   Genetics can help us to understand why people look the way they do and why some people are more prone to certain diseases than others. Genetics can help health-care professionals to identify certain conditions in babies before they are born using techniques such as prenatal testing.   A person inherits genes from their parents, and how parents live affects their children's genes. It's a mistaken assumption that everything you inherited in your genes is permanent. Your lifestyle and circumstances can awaken individual genes and/

 Funnel is a tube or pipe that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding liquid or powder into a small opening.   a metal chimney on a ship or steam engine.   What Is a Marketing Funnel? A marketing funnel is a way of breaking down the customer journey all the way from the “awareness” stage (when they first learn about your business) to the “purchase” stage (when they're ready to buy your product or service).    

 Fossil is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants.   There are four main types of fossils, all formed in a different way, which are conducive to preserving different types of organisms. These are mold fossils, cast fossils, trace fossils and true form fossils.   Index fossil, any animal or plant preserved in the rock record of the Earth that is characteristic of a particular span of geologic time or environment. A useful index fossil must be distinctive or easily recognizable, abundant, and have a wide geographic distribution and a short range through time   Scientists have unveiled one of the smallest bird fossils ever discovered. The chick lived 127 million years ago and belonged to a group of primitive birds that shared the planet with the dinosaurs.   Fossils of an